Dengue en paciente de 32 días de vida. Reporte de un caso poco habitual / Dengue fever in a 32-day-old patient. A rare case report

El dengue es una enfermedad viral transmitida por la picadura del mosquito Aedes aegypti. El comportamiento del dengue en Argentina es epidémico; la mayoría de los casos se observan en los meses de mayor temperatura. Hasta la semana epidemiológica (SE) 20/2023, se registraron en Argentina 106 672 casos; se vieron afectadas 18 de las 24 provincias que conforman el país. Dentro de los principales grupos de riesgo, se incluyen los menores de 2 años. Reconocer los signos, síntomas e identificar los factores de riesgo es fundamental para el manejo de casos con mayor riesgo de gravedad. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 32 días de vida que se internó por síndrome febril sin foco, con diagnósticos diferenciales de meningitis viral y sepsis, evolucionó con leucocitosis, plaquetopenia, hipoalbuminemia, asociado a exantema y edemas. Se llegó al diagnóstico de dengue por la clínica, epidemiologia e IgM positiva.

Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In Argentina, dengue fever is an epidemic disease; most cases are reported during the hot months.Until epidemiological week (EW) 20/2023, 106 672 cases were reported across 18 of the 24 provinces of Argentina. Children younger than 2 years are among the main groups at risk. Recognizing signs and symptoms and identifying risk factors is fundamental for the management of cases at a higher risk of severity. Here we describe the case of a 32-day-old female patient who was hospitalized due to febrile syndrome without a source, who had a differential diagnosis of viral meningitis and sepsis and progressed to leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia in association with rash and edema. The diagnosis of dengue fever was established based on clinical, epidemiological, and positive IgM data.

Manejo não farmacológico da enfermagem em pacientes pediátricos com febre e hipertermia: uma revisão sistemática / Non-pharmacological nursing management of pediatric patients with fever and hyperthermia: a systematic review / Manejo de enfermería no farmacológico del paciente pediátrico con fiebre e hipertermia: una revisión sistemática

Objetivo: descrever o manejo não farmacológico do enfermeiro frente ao paciente pediátrico com febre ou hipertermia. Método: a revisão seguiu o PRISMA, contou com estudos empíricos, que abordassem o manejo não farmacológico em crianças com febre, estudos entre 2013 e 2023. As bases de dados foram Adolec, BVS, Embase, LILACS, Web of Science e a biblioteca SciELO, com os descritores "criança", "hipertermia", "febre", "enfermagem" e "enfermagem pediátrica". Resultados: selecionado 7 estudos, descrevem que o manejo não farmacológico são massoterapia, compressas, água morna e sabonete com Marshmallow. O uso de antitérmico (paracetamol) e outra medida não farmacológico foi evidenciada como efetiva. Há lacuna de protocolos para guiar os profissionais para o atendimento da criança com febre, além dos profissionais se basearem em suas crenças na assistência. Conclusão: o uso não farmacológico foi eficaz em conjunto com antitérmico. Há necessidade de outros estudos e desenvolvimento de protocolos para guiar os profissionais na assistência.

Objective: to describe the nurse's non-pharmacological management of pediatric patients with fever or hyperthermia. Method: the review followed PRISMA and included empirical studies that addressed non-pharmacological management in children with fever, studies between 2013 and 2023. The databases were Adolec, BVS, Embase, LILACS, Web of Science and the SciELO library, with the descriptors "child", "hyperthermia", "fever", "nursing" and "pediatric nursing". Results: 7 studies were selected, describing non-pharmacological management as massage therapy, compresses, warm water, and soap with Marshmallow. The use of antipyretics (paracetamol) and other non-pharmacological measures were shown to be effective. There is a lack of protocols to guide professionals in caring for children with fever, in addition to professionals relying on their beliefs in care. Conclusion:non-pharmacological use was effective in conjunction with antipyretics. There is a need for further studies and development of protocols to guide professionals in helping.

Objetivos:describir el manejo no farmacológico de la enfermera del paciente pediátrico con fiebre o hipertermia. Método: la revisión siguió PRISMA, incluyó estudios empíricos que abordaron el manejo no farmacológico en niños con fiebre, estudios entre 2013 y 2023. Las bases de datos fueron Adolec, BVS, Embase, LILACS, Web of Science y la biblioteca SciELO, con los descriptores "niño", "hipertermia", "fiebre", "enfermería" y "enfermería pediátrica". Resultados: se seleccionaron 7 estudios que describen manejo no farmacológico como terapia con masajes, compresas, agua tibia y jabón con Marshmallow. Se demostró eficaz el uso de antipiréticos (paracetamol) y otras medidas no farmacológicas. Faltan protocolos que orienten a los profesionales en el cuidado de niños con fiebre, además de que los profesionales se basen en sus creencias sobre el cuidado. Conclusión: el uso no farmacológico fue efectivo en conjunto con antipiréticos. Es necesario realizar más estudios y desarrollar protocolos que orienten a los profesionales en la prestación de asistencia.

Autoinflammatory diseases: a Latin American multicenter study according to age and sex / Doenças autoinflamatórias: um estudo multicêntrico latino-americano de acordo com o sexo e a idade

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate autoinflammatory diseases (AID) according to age at diagnosis and sex, and response to therapy in a large population. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study of a Latin American registry using a designed web system for data storage, collected between 2015 and 2018. Any altered findings during follow-up were recorded. The forms were translated into Portuguese and Spanish, including demographic, clinical, laboratory, genetic and treatment characteristics. Results: We included 152 patients, 51.3% male and 75% Caucasian. The median age at disease onset was 2.1 years (0-15.6 years) and median age at diagnosis 6.9 years (0-21.9 years); 111 (73%) were children (0-9 years old), and 41 (27%) were adolescents and young adults (AYA) (10-21 years old). Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome (PFAPA) occurred in 46/152 (30%), chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) in 32/152 (21%), and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) in 24/152 (15.7%). PFAPA was significantly higher in young children than in AYA (38.7% vs. 7.3%, p<0.001), while CNO were lower (13.5% vs. 41.5%, p<0.001). The frequency of females was significantly higher in CNO (28.4% vs. 14.1%, p=0.031) and lower in FMF (8.1% vs. 23.1%, p=0.011). The most used drugs were glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), and colchicine. Glucocorticoids and colchicine treatment were used in all AID with good to moderate response. However, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) seemed unresponsive to glucocorticoids. NSAIDs and methotrexate were the main medications used to treat CNO. Conclusions: Differences among AID patients were observed in the LA population regarding sex and age at disease diagnosis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as doenças autoinflamatórias (DAI) de acordo com sexo e idade no momento do diagnóstico e a resposta terapêutica em uma grande população. Métodos: Este é um estudo observacional transversal de um registro latino-americano que usou um sistema de dados coletados entre 2015 e 2018. Quaisquer achados alterados ao longo do acompanhamento foram registrados. Os formulários foram traduzidos para os idiomas português e espanhol, incluindo características demográficas, clínicas, laboratoriais, genéticas e de tratamento. Resultados: Incluímos 152 pacientes, sendo 51,3% do sexo masculino e 75% da raça branca. A média de idade de início da doença foi de 2,1 anos (0-15,6 anos) e a média de idade de diagnóstico 6,9 anos (0-21,9 anos); 111 (73%) eram crianças (0-9 anos) e 41 (27%) adolescentes/adultos jovens (10-21 anos). A síndrome de febre periódica, estomatite aftosa, faringite e adenite (PFAPA) ocorreu em 46/152 (30%), osteomielite não bacteriana crônica (CNO) em 32/152 (21%) e febre familiar do Mediterrâneo (FMF) em 24/152 (15,7%). A PFAPA foi significativamente maior em crianças pequenas (38,7 vs. 7,3%, p<0,001), e a CNO, em adolescentes/adultos jovens (13,5 vs. 41,5%, p<0,001). A frequência do sexo feminino foi significativamente maior na CNO (28,4 vs. 14,1%, p=0,031) e menor na FMF (8,1 vs. 23,1%, p=0,011). Os medicamentos mais utilizados foram glicocorticoides, anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINE) e colchicina. O tratamento com glicocorticoides e colchicina foi usado em todas as DAI com resposta boa a moderada. No entanto, as síndromes periódicas associadas à criopirina (CAPS) pareciam não responder aos glicocorticoides. AINE e metotrexato foram os principais medicamentos utilizados no tratamento da CNO. Conclusões: Diferenças de pacientes com DAI foram observadas na população latino-americana em pacientes agrupados por sexo e idade ao diagnóstico da doença.

Egg allergy and yellow fever vaccination

Abstract Objective Evaluate biomarkers capable of safely guiding Yellow fever vaccine (YFV) vaccination among individuals suspicious of hen's egg allergy, and identify factors associated with a higher risk for adverse events after immunization (AEAI). Methods Patients underwent skin prick test (SPT) for standardized allergens: whole egg, egg white, egg yolk; YFV (1:10 dilution; Biomanguinhos-Fiocruz), and intradermal test (IDT; YFV 0.02 mL, 1:100 dilution) and positive and negative controls. Serum levels of specific IgE (sIgE) for a whole egg, egg white, egg yolk, egg albumin, ovomucoid, lysozyme, and conalbumin (ImmunoCap®; ThermoFisher®) were obtained. Patients sensitized to YFV were submitted to YFV desensitization, and those negatives received YFV (0.5mL) and remained under surveillance for at least one hour. Results 103 patients were enrolled, 95% under 12 years old. 71% (81/103) of patients had reactions: 80% immediate, 11% mixed, and 9% delayed. There was an association between positive skin test results with YFV and the severity of the reaction (OR:7.64; 95%CI:1.61-36.32; p =0,011). Only the presence of sIgE to ovomucoid was associated with clinical symptoms (p =0,025). Thirty patients underwent the YFV desensitization protocol. Conclusion There is a relationship between the positivity of the egg's components and the severity of the clinical reaction. Furthermore, the relationship between the positivity of the tests with the YFV and egg's components may show a tendency to look at ovomucoid and conalbumin, but it is not a certainty. Therefore, further studies are needed to confirm these associations, and for now, the authors still recommend using the vaccine for testing when necessary.

When the fever will not stop, stop the pills! A case report

ABSTRACT Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a neurologic emergency potentially fatal. This rare side effect is most commonly associated with first-generation antipsychotics and less frequently with atypical or second-generation antipsychotics. The diagnosis relies on both clinical and laboratory criteria, with other organic and psychiatric conditions being ruled out. CASE REPORT: A 39-year-old female patient, who is institutionalized and completely dependent, has a medical history of recurrent urinary infections and colonization by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Her regular medication regimen included sertraline, valproic acid, quetiapine, risperidone, lorazepam, diazepam, haloperidol, baclofen, and fentanyl. The patient began experiencing dyspnea. Upon physical examination, she exhibited hypotension and a diminished vesicular murmur at the right base during pulmonary auscultation. Initially, after hospitalization, she developed high febrile peaks associated with hemodynamic instability, prompting the initiation of antibiotic treatment. Despite this, her fever persisted without an increase in blood inflammatory parameters, and she developed purulent sputum, necessitating antibiotherapy escalation. The seventh day of hospitalization showed no improvement in symptoms, suggesting NNMS as a differential diagnosis. All antipsychotic and sedative drugs, as well as antibiotherapy, were discontinued, after which the patient showed significant clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: Antipsychotic agents are commonly employed to manage behavioral changes linked to various disorders. However, their severe side effects necessitate a high degree of vigilance, the cessation of all medications, and the implementation of supportive care measures. A prompt and accurate diagnosis of NMS is crucial to alleviating the severe, prolonged morbidity and potential mortality associated with this syndrome.

Monitoramento e avaliação da cobertura vacinal da vacina contra febre amarela: revisão integrativa / Monitoreo y evaluación de la cobertura vacunal de la vacuna contra la fiebre amarilla: revisión integradora / Monitoring and evaluation of vaccination coverage of the yellow fever vaccine: integrative review

Objetivo: descrever as estratégias de monitoramento e avaliação da cobertura vacinal de vacina contra febre amarela (FA) no Brasil. Método: revisão integrativa nas bases Lilacs, BDENF, Medline e SciELO. Utilizou-se operadores booleanos e de truncamento para construir a estratégia de busca a partir das palavras chaves.: Monitoramento; Avaliação; Cobertura vacinal; Febre amarela. Cinco artigos foram selecionados. Resultados: Identificou-se estratégias de monitoramento da cobertura vacinal da vacina contra FA (ex.: cálculos de cobertura vacinal e de doses aplicadas; Monitoramento Rápido de Coberturas Vacinais, entre outras). Assim como estratégias de avaliação (ex.: alcance de meta da cobertura preconizada; número de casos confirmados de FA, entre outras).Conclusão: Além do alcance do objetivo, com construção de um quadro-síntese, pôde-se observar limitação do número de artigos encontrados e incipiência na elaboração de estudos nesta área.

Objective: to describe strategies for monitoring and evaluating vaccination coverage of yellow fever (YF) vaccine in Brazil. Method: integrative review in the Lilacs, BDENF, Medline and SciELO databases. Boolean and truncation operators were used to build the search strategy based on the keywords: Monitoring; Assessment; Vaccination coverage; Yellow fever. Five articles were selected. Results: strategies for monitoring vaccination coverage of the YF vaccine were identified (e.g. calculations of vaccination coverage and doses applied; Rapid Monitoring of Vaccination Coverage, among others). As well as evaluation strategies (e.g. reaching the coverage target recommended; number of confirmed cases of AF, among others). Conclusion: in addition to achieving the objective, with the construction of a summary table, it was possible to observe a limitation in the number of articles found and a lack of development in studies in this area.

Objetivos:describir estrategias para el seguimiento y evaluación de la cobertura vacunal de la vacuna contra la fiebre amarilla (FA) en Brasil. Método: revisión integrativa en las bases Lilacs, BDENF, Medline y SciELO. Se utilizaron operadores booleanos y de truncamiento para construir la estrategia de búsqueda basada en las palabras clave: Monitoreo; Evaluación; Cobertura de vacunación; Fiebre amarilla. Se seleccionaron cinco artículos. Resultados: se identificaron estrategias para el seguimiento de la cobertura vacunal de la vacuna contra la FA (ej., cálculos de cobertura vacunal y dosis aplicadas; Monitoreo Rápido de la Cobertura Vacunal, entre otros). Así como estrategias de evaluación (ej. alcanzar la meta de cobertura recomendada; número de casos confirmados de FA, entre otros). Conclusión: además de lograr el objetivo, con la construcción de un cuadro resumen, se puede observar una limitación en el número de artículos encontrados y una incipiencia en el desarrollo de estudios en esta área.

Safety of the yellow fever vaccine in people living with HIV: a longitudinal study exploring post-vaccination viremia and hematological and liver kinetics

ABSTRACT Background: Safety data on the yellow fever vaccine 17DD in People Living with HIV (PLWH) are limited. This study explored the occurrence of post-vaccination 17DD viremia and the kinetics of hematological and liver laboratorial parameters in PLWH and HIV-uninfected participants [HIV(-) controls]. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of a longitudinal interventional trial (NCT03132311) study that enrolled PLWH and HIV(-) controls to receive a single 17DD dose and were followed at 5, 30 and 365 days after vaccination in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 17DD viremia (obtained throughreal-time PCR and plaque forming units' assays), hematological (neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets counts) and liver enzymes (ALT and AST) results were assessed at baseline and Days 5 and 30 post-vaccination. Logistic regression models explored factors associated with the odds of having positive 17DD viremia. Linear regression models explored variables associated with hematological and liver enzymes results at Day 5. Results: A total of 202 PLWH with CD4 > 200 cells/μL and 68 HIV(-) controls were included in the analyses. 17DD viremia was found in 20.0 % of the participants and was twice more frequent in PLWH than in HIV(-) controls (22.8% vs. 11.8 %, p-value < 0.001). Neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets counts dropped at Day 5 and returned to baseline values at Day 30. 17DD viremia was associated with lower nadir of lymphocytes and platelets at Day 5. ALT levels did not increase post-vaccination and were not associated with 17DD viremia. Conclusions: 17DD was safe and well-tolerated in PLWH with CD4 > 200 cells/μL. Post-vaccination viremia was more frequent in PLWH than in controls. Transient and self-limited decreases in lymphocytes and neutrophils occurred early after vaccination. 17DD viremia was associated with lower lymphocytes and platelets nadir after vaccination. We did not observe elevations in ALT after 17DD vaccination.

Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia typhi in hospitalized children diagnosed with Pediatric Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome in Merida, Yucatan

Abstract Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) presents with fever, fatigue, elevated inflammatory markers (acute phase reactants), and a history of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or positive antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. As the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded, the risk of MIS-C in the pediatric population increased. However, exposure to other viruses and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 positive antibodies in children hospitalized for various pathogen-associated illnesses will also remain common and may complicate differential diagnoses with diseases endemic to the region such as rickettsial diseases. The objective was to highlight the desirability of medical personnel systematically incorporating rickettsiosis as a differential diagnosis for MIS-C when studying a child with fever, non-specific symptoms, and elevated inflammatory markers. In conclusion MIS-C should be considered in children with elevated inflammatory markers when there is a history of COVID-19 and they also meet criteria that have already been established by international agencies, such as CDC and WHO

Neurological manifestation of Brazilian spotted fever in childhood

ABSTRACT Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a rickettsial disease caused by the bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii. In Brazil, the disease is known as Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), being the most significant tick-borne disease in the country. Among the affected patients, only 5% of cases occur in children aged one to nine years. Typical symptoms of the disease are fever, rash, headache and digestive symptoms. Neurological manifestations such as seizures, aphasia and hemiparesis have been described in few patients. This study aimed to describe the case of an infant diagnosed with BSF who presented severe signs of neurological manifestation.

Morbidity pattern of underfives with moderate acute malnutrition in southern Nigeria

Background:Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. The morbidity pattern of underfives with this condition is yet to be described. Objective: To describe the morbidity pattern of underfives with MAM.Method: Across sectional study was conducted in two Primary Health Centres in Uruan Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Caregivers'brought children aged 6- 59 months to the health facilities following community mobilization. Eligible children were recruited into the study after obtaining parental consent. Avalidated proforma was used to obtain the biodata and symptoms of common illnesses in the children. Ageneral physical examination, anthropometric measurements and systemic examination were performed. Results: Atotal of 162 children were recruited into the study. Their mean (±SD) age was 20.4 ± 13.0 months. Over 70% of them were 6 - 23 months of age. Their mean (±SD) length/height was 77.3 ± 29.6 cm, mean (±SD) weight was 8.3 ± 3.4 kg and mean (±SD) mid upper arm circumference was 12.4 ± 4.5 cm. The main symptoms noted in the children were; fever 99 (61.1%), cough 84 (51.9%), weight loss 81 (50.0%), diarrhoea 40 (24.7%) and vomiting 40 (24.7%) while pallor 77 (47.5%), lymphadenopathy 56 (34.6%), hair changes 49 (30.2%), skin changes 27 (16.6%) were the main signs in them.Conclusion: The main symptomatology of underfives with MAM were fever, cough and weight loss

Seasonal characteristics of scarlet fever in Songjiang District, Shanghai in 2012-2021 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the seasonal characteristics of scarlet fever in Songjiang District from 2012 to 2021, and to provide references for the prevention and control of scarlet fevers. Methods The incidence data of scarlet fever in Songjiang District from 2012 to 2021 were collected through the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The seasonal characteristics and peak of scarlet fever incidence were analyzed using concentration and circular distribution methods. Results The average annual reported incidence rate of scarlet fever in Songjiang District from 2012 to 2021 was 20.15/100 000. The M value of the concentration analysis was 0.18. The results of the circular distribution method showed that the peak day of scarlet fever from March to August was May 12, and the epidemic peak period was from April 3 to June 20. From September to February of the next year, the peak day of scarlet fever was December 21, and the epidemic peak period was from December 2 to January 9 of the next year. The differences were all statistically significant (P values were all less than 0.05). Conclusion The peaks of scarlet fever in Songjiang District mainly occur in May and December. It is suggested that the monitoring methods and prevention strategies should be adjusted in time according to Seasonal characteristics of scarlet fever.

Hemicoreia na infância: revisão da literatura com relato de caso / Hemichorea in childhood: literature review with case report

O diagnóstico etiológico de quadros coréicos é amplo e algumas características da apresentação auxiliam no raciocínio diagnóstico, como o tempo de instalação do quadro (agudo/crônico), a distribuição corporal (focal/generalizada) e sintomas associados. Na infância, a principal causa da forma aguda é a coreia de Sydenham. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino de 13 anos que apresentou hemicoreia de instalação aguda relacionada a febre reumática, sendo a manifestação dimidiada atípica nesta condição.

There are numerous causes of chorea, and some characteristics of the presentation of this symptom help in the diagnosis reasoning, such as the onset time of the condition (acute/chronic), body distribution (local/generalized), and associated symptoms. In childhood, the main cause of acute chorea is Sydenham chorea. In childhood, the main cause of the acute form is Sydenham chorea. We report a case of a 13-year-old female patient who presented with acute onset hemichorea, being diagnosed with Sydenham's chorea.

Manifestaciones mucocutáneas de la fiebre de chikungunya / Mucocutaneous manifestations of chikungunya fever

Las manifestaciones típicas de la Chikungunya son la fiebre y las artralgias en la mayoría de los casos, pero debemos recordar que presentan manifestaciones mucocutáneas, donde la más frecuente es el exantema, además pueden presentar manifestaciones mucocutáneas atípicas con un gran polimorfismo simulando varias dermatosis como los casos expuestos anteriormente. Este reporte cuenta con 5 casos clínicos del mes de enero y febrero del año 2023 en el departamento Central de Paraguay, durante la mayor epidemia de Chikungunya registrada en el país hasta el momento. Es importante conocerlas y correlacionar con los demás signos y síntomas de la enfermedad para un diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuados.

The typical manifestations of Chikungunya are fever and arthralgia in most cases, but we must remember that they present mucocutaneous manifestations, where the most frequent is rash, they can also present atypical mucocutaneous manifestations with great polymorphism simulating various dermatoses such as cases outlined above. This report has 5 clinical cases from the month of January and February 2023 in the Central area of Paraguay, during the largest recorded Chikungunya epidemic in the country so far. It is important to know them and correlate them with the other signs and symptoms of the disease for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Tuberculosis congénita: a propósito de un caso

La tuberculosis (TB) es una de las principales enfermedades infecciosas a nivel mundial y sigue siendo un grave problema de salud pública en muchos países. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que un tercio de la población está infectada con TB y la tasa de infección aumenta casi un 1% por año. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo exponer la identidad de la tuberculosis congénita rara y fatal si no se trata y resaltar las características clínicas y la dificultad de diagnóstico y la conciencia entre los pediatras para realizar un manejo terapéutico inmediato desde el inicio de la sospecha. Este estudio se propone detectar que el pronóstico es malo para los recién nacidos, seguido de una evolución fatal cuando el diagnóstico se retrasa. Se presenta a continuación el caso de un recién nacido de sexo masculino de 24 días de vida por parto cesárea, por RPM nacido de una madre que presentó infección por SARS-COV-2 14 días previos al parto. A los 5 días de post parto adormecimiento y debilidad de miembros inferiores, sin síntomas respiratorios, posteriormente fiebre de 5 días de evolución, con diagnóstico de TB cerebral sin síntomas respiratorios, RN con fiebre y tos de 3 días, hepatomegalia de 4.5 cm, sin adenopatías. Ecografía abdominal dentro de parámetros normales, ecocardiograma con despegamiento pericárdico laminar, ecografía cerebral, ecografía abdominal fondo de ojo dentro de parámetros normales. Radiografía de tórax mostró infiltrado nodulillar difuso bilateral compatible con diseminación miliar tuberculosa. Al ingreso se inició cobertura antibiótica con Cefotaxima más Ampicilina a dosis meníngea. Analítica laboratorial al ingreso perfil hepático alterado, glóbulos blancos en rango, presentó granulaciones toxicas 3% y reactantes de fase aguda aumentados. Se realizó punción lumbar con cultivo de LCR negativo para gérmenes comunes y micobacterias por lo cual se descendió antibioticoterapia a completando 9 días totales. En muestras seriadas durante 3 días de líquido gástrico tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen BAAR +++ en las 3 muestras, GENEXPERT M. tuberculosis detectado y secreción traqueal tinción de BAAR +++. Inició terapia antibacilar H10/R20/Z20/E20. Durante su internación presenta alteración de perfil hepático por lo cual se ajusta dosis H5/R10/Z15/E15 en conjunto con Piridoxina. Durante tratamiento antibacilar a los 10 meses presentó en ecografía abdominal múltiples calcificaciones en hígado y ecografía cerebral de control con dilatación leve de los ventrículos laterales en ambos lados. Al finalizar tratamiento al examen físico se constató hígado a 2 cm RCD al año de vida, crecimiento y desarrollo normal para la edad, controles oftalmológicos y auditivos sin hallazgos patológicos. El recién nacido recibió 2 meses de HRZE y 10 meses de HR completando 12 meses totales de tratamiento en conjunto con Piridoxina hasta 10 días posterior a la suspensión de antibacilares y la madre recibió 4 meses de HRZE y 8 meses de HR completando 12 meses de tratamiento antibacilar.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major infectious diseases worldwide and continues to be a serious public health problem in many countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that one third of the population is infected with TB and the infection rate is increasing by almost 1% per year. This review aims to expose the identity of rare and fatal congenital tuberculosis if left untreated and to highlight the clinical features and the difficulty of diagnosis and awareness among pediatricians to perform immediate therapeutic management from the onset of suspicion. This study aims to detect that the prognosis is poor for newborns, followed by a fatal course when diagnosis is delayed. The case of a 24-day-old male newborn by cesarean section, due to PROM born to a mother who presented SARS-COV-2 infection 14 days prior to delivery, is presented below. At 5 days postpartum, numbness and weakness of the lower limbs, without respiratory symptoms, later fever of 5 days of evolution, with a diagnosis of cerebral TB without respiratory symptoms, newborn with fever and cough of 3 days, hepatomegaly of 4.5 cm, without adenopathies. Abdominal ultrasound within normal parameters, echocardiogram with laminar pericardial detachment, brain ultrasound, fundus abdominal ultrasound within normal parameters. Chest X-ray showed bilateral diffuse nodular infiltrate compatible with tuberculous miliary dissemination. On admission, antibiotic coverage was started with Cefotaxime plus Ampicillin at a meningeal dose. Laboratory analysis on admission altered liver profile, white blood cells in range, presented 3% toxic granulations and increased acute phase reactants. A lumbar puncture was performed with a negative CSF culture for common germs and mycobacteria, for which antibiotic therapy was decreased to a total of 9 days. In serial samples for 3 days of gastric fluid Ziehl-Neelsen AFB staining +++ in the 3 samples, GENEXPERT M. tuberculosis detected and tracheal secretion AFB staining +++. He started H10/R20/Z20/E20 antibacillary therapy. During his hospitalization, he presented an alteration in the liver profile, for which the H5/R10/Z15/E15 dose was adjusted in conjunction with Pyridoxine. During antibacillary treatment at 10 months, abdominal ultrasound revealed multiple calcifications in the liver and control brain ultrasound with mild dilatation of the lateral ventricles on both sides. At the end of treatment, the physical examination confirmed the liver at 2 cm RCD at one year of life, normal growth and development for age, ophthalmological and hearing controls without pathological findings. The newborn received 2 months of HRZE and 10 months of HR, completing a total of 12 months of treatment in conjunction with Pyridoxine up to 10 days after the suspension of antibacillary drugs, and the mother received 4 months of HRZE and 8 months of HR, completing 12 months of treatment. antibacillary.

Variables epidemiológicas y clínicas en pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados por infección del tracto urinario

Fundamento la infección del tracto urinario es una de las enfermedades más frecuentes en edades pediátricas y se presenta con sintomatología no específica, en especial en los niños más pequeños, en los cuales el signo más importante es la fiebre. Objetivo caracterizar una serie de casos pediátricos hospitalizados a causa de infección del tracto urinario. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de tipo serie de casos, en el Hospital Pediátrico de Camagüey, durante el periodo de enero a marzo de 2023. La muestra quedó conformada por 112 pacientes, una vez aplicados los criterios de selección. Fueron estudiadas las variables: grupo etario y sexo, área de salud, signos y síntomas clínicos, factores de riesgo y gérmenes aislados. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó mediante el paquete estadístico para las ciencias sociales y los resultados se expresaron en valores absolutos y porcentajes. Resultados predominó el grupo etario de menores de un año (31,2 %) y el sexo femenino (68,7 %). El Área de Salud Finlay fue la que más casos aportó (22,3 %), mientras que la fiebre resultó el síntoma preponderante (93,8 %), así como el abandono de la lactancia materna se comportó como el principal factor de riesgo (25,9 %). En el 32,1 % de los casos se aisló el germen Escherichia coli. Conclusiones la infección del tracto urinario es más frecuente en lactantes femeninas, y se constata la fiebre como síntoma principal, además de recogerse como factor de riesgo sustancial el abandono de la lactancia materna.

Foundation urinary tract infection is one of the most common diseases in children and presents with non-specific symptoms, especially in younger children, in which the most important sign is fever. Objective to characterize a series of pediatric cases hospitalized due to urinary tract infection. Methods a descriptive study, of a case series type, was carried out at the Pediatric Hospital of Camagüey, from January to March 2023. The sample was made up of 112 patients, once the selection criteria were applied. The studied variables were: age group and sex, health area, clinical signs and symptoms, risk factors and isolated germs. Data processing was carried out using the statistical package for the social sciences and the results were expressed in absolute values and percentages. Results the age group of children under one year (31.2%) and the female sex (68.7%) predominated. The Finlay Health Area was the one that contributed the most cases (22.3%), while fever was the predominant symptom (93.8%), as well as abandoning breastfeeding as the main risk factor (25.9%). In 32.1% of the cases the Escherichia coli germ was isolated. Conclusions urinary tract infection is more frequent in female infants, and fever is confirmed as the main symptom, in addition to the abandonment of breastfeeding being collected as a substantial risk factor.

Diagnosis of urinary tract infection in infants under 3 months with fever without a source: reliability of urinalysis and urine culture / Diagnóstico de infección del tracto urinario en lactantes menores de 3 meses con fiebre sin foco identificado: fiabilidad del análisis de orina y urocultivo

Abstract Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is infants´ most common serious bacterial infection. This study aimed to investigate the reliability of urianalysis (UA) to predict UTI, to specify the colony forming units (CFU)/ml threshold for diagnosis, and to identify variables that help suspect bacteremia in infants under 3 months with UTI. Methods: We reviewed clinical records of children under 3 months hospitalized for a fever without source and recorded age, sex, days of fever pre-consultation, temperature and severity at admission, discharge diagnoses, laboratory tests, and treatments. According to the discharge diagnosis, we divided them into UTIs (-) and (+) with or without bacteremia. Results: A total of 467 infants were admitted: 334 with UTI and 133 without UTI. In UTIs (+), the pyuria had a sensitivity of 95.8% and bacteria (+) 88.3%; specificity was high, especially for nitrites (96.2%) and bacteria (+) (92.5%). Positive predictive value (PPV) for nitrites was 95.9%, for bacteria 96.7%, and oyuria 92.5%. Escherichia coli was present in 83.8% of urine and 87% of blood cultures. UTIs with bacteremia had inflammatory urinalysis, urine culture > 100,000 CFU/ml, and higher percentage of C reactive protein (CRP) > 50 mg (p= 0.002); 94.6% of the urine culture had > 50,000 CFU. Conclusions: The pyuria and bacteria (+) in urine obtained by catheterization predict UTI. The cut-off point for diagnosis was ≥ 50,000 CFU/ml. No variables to suspect bacteremia were identified in this study.

Resumen Introducción: La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) es una infección bacteriana grave frecuente en lactantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la fiabilidad del análisis de orina (AO) para predecirla, precisar el umbral de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC)/ml para el diagnóstico y buscar variables que ayuden a sospechar de bacteriemia en lactantes menores de 3 meses con ITU. Métodos: Se revisaron fichas clínicas de lactantes menores de 3 meses hospitalizados por fiebre sin foco evidente, registrando edad, sexo, días de fiebre preconsulta, temperatura y gravedad al ingreso, diagnósticos de egreso, exámenes de laboratorio y tratamientos. Según diagnóstico de egreso, se separaron en ITU (-) y (+), con o sin bacteriemia. Resultados: Ingresaron 467 lactantes: 334 con ITU y 133 sin ITU. En ITU (+), la sensibilidad de la piuria fue de 95.8% y bacterias (+) 88.3%; la especificidad fue alta para nitritos (96.2%) y bacterias (+) (92.5%). El valor predictivo positivo (VPP) fue de 95.9% para nitritos, 96.7% para bacterias y 92.5% para piuria. Escherichia coli se encontró en el 83.8% de los urocultivos (UC) (+) y en el 87% de los hemocultivos (+). Las ITU con bacteriemia presentaron elementos inflamatorios, UC con ≥ 100,000 UFC/ml y mayor porcentaje de proteína C reactiva (PCR) > 50 mg/l (p= 0.002); el 94.6% de los UC (+) tuvo ≥ 50,000 UFC/ml. Conclusiones: La piuria y bacterias (+) en el AO son excelentes para pronosticar ITU en orina obtenida con sonda vesical y el punto de corte para el diagnóstico debe ser ≥ 50,000 UFC/ml. No encontramos señales que ayudaran a sospechar ITU con bacteriemia.

Granulomatous hepatitis, deciphering an elusive spectrum: a clinical case-based approach

Granulomatous hepatitis is a well-defined histopathologic entity characterized by aggregates of modified macrophages (epithelioid in appearance) and other inflammatory cells that accumulate after persistent exposure to antigens. It induces a cellular immune response mediated by the release of various cytokines (including interferon-gamma [INF-γ], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin 12 [IL-12]) that stimulate mononuclear cell fusion, culminating in the formation of multinucleated giant cells with a surrounding border of lymphocytes and fibroblasts. It represents between 2% and 15% of all pathological liver studies, usually during an infiltrative or cholestatic biochemical pattern. A practical approach is proposed based on a challenging clinical case of a patient with a fever of unknown origin in an intermediate incidence area for tuberculosis, such as Colombia.

La hepatitis granulomatosa es una entidad histopatológica bien definida que se caracteriza por la presencia de agregados de macrófagos modificados (de aspecto epitelioide) y otras células inflamatorias que se acumulan luego de la exposición persistente a antígenos, lo que induce una respuesta inmunitaria celular mediada por la liberación de varias citocinas (entre las que se destacan el interferón gamma [INF-γ], el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa [TNF-α] y la interleucina 12 [IL-12]) que estimulan la fusión de células mononucleares para culminar en la formación de células gigantes multinucleadas con un borde circundante de linfocitos y fibroblastos. Representa entre el 2 % y el 15 % de todos los estudios anatomopatológicos de hígado, en el curso por lo general de un patrón bioquímico de tipo infiltrativo o colestásico. Se propone un enfoque práctico a partir de un caso clínico retador de un paciente con fiebre de origen desconocido en una zona de incidencia intermedia para tuberculosis, como lo es Colombia.

Momentos históricos de la epidemiología en el Hospital Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina / Historical events in epidemiology, at the Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Resumen El hospital Muñiz es una institución con patrimonio histórico, cultural y sanitario. Se realiza aquí un análisis histórico de las diferentes epidemias/pandemias y bro tes, valorando los manejos epidemiológicos (vigilancia, prevención, control y gestión de emergencias) en la institución y el porqué de su arquitectura. Para tal fin se lleva a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la historia del hospital Muñiz y sus referentes desde 1980 hasta 2023, siguiendo el formato PRISMA. Se encontraron 36 publicaciones que cumplieron con los criterios metodológicos y epidemiológicos requeridos. La revisión muestra los problemas relevantes en salud, los eventos presentes en una epidemia/pandemia, la importancia de medidas de prevención y de evaluar la necesidad de un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica continuo, así como el aporte de referentes históricos metodológicos que permita obtener información útil en el área de salud. Hemos abordado grandes momentos históricos en la epidemiología explicando el manejo de las enfermedades o epidemias/pandemias en el hospital Muñiz, las cuales se relacionaron en gran medida a la sociedad de la época (paradigmas). Cabe resaltar que el crecimiento poblacional extendió las enfermedades a lo largo del planeta generando amenazas y que las epide mias/pandemias transformaron las sociedades y muy posiblemente han cambiado decisivamente el curso de la historia, tal como paso con la pandemia por COVID-19.

Abstract The Muñiz hospital is an institution with historical, cultural and health heritage. A historical analysis of the different epidemics/pandemics and outbreaks is carried out here, assessing the epidemiological man agement (surveillance, prevention, control and emer gency management) in the institution and the reason for its architecture. To this end, a systematic review of the literature on the history of the Muñiz hospital and its references was carried out, since 1980 to 2023, following the PRISMA format. Thirty-six publications were found that met the required methodological and epidemiological criteria. The review shows the relevant health problems, the events present in an epidemic/ pandemic, the importance of preventive measures and to assess the need for a continuous epidemiological surveillance system, as well as the contribution of historical methodological references that allow obtaining useful information in the health area. We have addressed great historical moments in epidemiology, explaining the management of diseases or epidemics/pandemics at the Muñiz hospital, which were largely related to the society of the time (paradigms). It should be noted that population growth spread diseases throughout the planet, generating threats, and that epidemics/pan demics transformed societies and quite possibly have decisively changed the course of history, as happened with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Epidemic retinitis during pregnancy

Purpose: To study the clinical presentation and treatment outcome of epidemic retinitis (ER) during pregnancy. Methods: This is a retrospective, observational chart review of pregnant patients diagnosed with ER from January 2014 to February 2023. Demographic details, month of pregnancy at the onset of ocular symptoms, history of present illness, clinical manifestations, and treatment outcomes were studied. Results: In 9 years, ER was seen in 86 females, of whom 12 (13.9%) were pregnant. Twenty?one eyes of those 12 patients were studied. Most of the patients presented in the sixth month of pregnancy (range: 5–9 months, mean: 6.3 months). Physicians diagnosed viral exanthematous fever in six, typhoid in three, and suspected rickettsia in one patient. Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) was performed in two patients before presentation. Weil–Felix test was positive in five, Brucella in one, WIDAL in three, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID?19) IgG and dengue IgG in one patient each. Oral antibiotics were given in five patients (two post?medical termination of pregnancy [MTP]) for the retinitis. All except four received oral steroids. Mean presenting corrected distant visual acuity (n = 21) was 20/125 (range: 20/20–20/20,000), which improved to (n = 18) 20/30 (range: 20/20–20/240). Macular edema (n = 11) resolved in 33.18 days (range: 20–50 days), and retinitis (n = 13) resolved in 58 days (range: 30–110 days). Ocular and systemic examination of newborn was possible in two and the babies were normal. Conclusion: ER is seen commonly at the beginning of the third trimester. Lack of antibiotics may delay the resolution of retinitis. Ocular health needs to be assessed in larger series to conclude absence of retinal involvement in newborns.

Epidemic retinitis during the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose: To study the impact of the novel coronavirus disease?2019 (COVID?19) pandemic on incidence, seasonal variation, clinical presentation, and disease outcome of epidemic retinitis (ER) and to compare clinical outcomes with positive and negative COVID?19 serology. Methods: This is a retrospective, observational study conducted at a tertiary eye care hospital from August 2020 to June 2022. A graph of ER cases against the month of presentation was compared with the graph of the COVID?19 pandemic in the same region. Cases presented before COVID?19 vaccination, with positive COVID?19 serology (Group 1) were compared with cases with negative serology (Group 2). Results: One hundred and thirty?two cases of ER were seen. The least number of cases were seen during and immediately after the peak of the pandemic (May 2021–August 2021). COVID?19 serology was positive in 13 (22 eyes)/60 (21.6%) unvaccinated cases. Along with COVID?19, positive serology for other ER etiologies was seen in 5/13 cases (38.4%). All patients received oral doxycycline with/without steroids. Groups 1 and 2 included 22 and 21 eyes of 13 cases each. Macular edema resolved in 43.6 and 32 days in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Retinitis resolved at 1 month in both groups. Corrected distant visual acuity was 20/50 and 20/70 at the presentation, which improved to 20/20 and 20/25 in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Mean and median follow?up was 6 months and 4.5 months, respectively, in both groups. No complications or recurrences were seen. Conclusion: No significant impact of the COVID?19 pandemic on ER was observed